Organic Chemistry

How-Tos

Heck reaction couples aryl halides with alkenes using palladium catalysis.

Step-by-step guide to Heck reaction couples aryl halides with alkenes using palladium catalysis.: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Analyze 1H NMR Data

Step-by-step guide to How to Analyze 1H NMR Data: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Carry Out an E2 Elimination

Step-by-step guide to How to Carry Out an E2 Elimination: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Distill Under Reduced Pressure

Step-by-step guide to How to Distill Under Reduced Pressure: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Distill Under Vacuum

Step-by-step guide to How to Distill Under Vacuum: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a C-H Activation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a C-H Activation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Cannula Transfer

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Cannula Transfer: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Chan-Lam Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Chan-Lam Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Claisen Condensation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Claisen Condensation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Claisen Condensation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Claisen Condensation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Diels-Alder Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Diels-Alder Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Grignard Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Grignard Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a High-Vacuum Distillation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a High-Vacuum Distillation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Kumada Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Kumada Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Mechanochemical Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Mechanochemical Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Reaction Under CO Atmosphere

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Reaction Under CO Atmosphere: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Suzuki Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Suzuki Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do a Vacuum Line Technique

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Vacuum Line Technique: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Wittig Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Wittig Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do a Workup

Step-by-step guide to How to Do a Workup: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do an Aldol Condensation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do an Aldol Condensation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do an Organocatalytic Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Do an Organocatalytic Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do Chiral Chromatography

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Chiral Chromatography: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Mechanochemistry

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Mechanochemistry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Multi-Component Reactions

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Multi-Component Reactions: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Organocatalysis

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Organocatalysis: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Peptide Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Peptide Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Preparative HPLC

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Preparative HPLC: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Ring-Closing Metathesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Ring-Closing Metathesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Sharpless Epoxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Sharpless Epoxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do Sharpless Epoxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Sharpless Epoxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Do Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Do Sublimation

Step-by-step guide to How to Do Sublimation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Dry Organic Solvents

Step-by-step guide to How to Dry Organic Solvents: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Dry Solvents

Step-by-step guide to How to Dry Solvents: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Handle Pyrophoric Reagents

Step-by-step guide to How to Handle Pyrophoric Reagents: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Interpret 13C NMR

Step-by-step guide to How to Interpret 13C NMR: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Interpret 13C NMR Spectra

Step-by-step guide to How to Interpret 13C NMR Spectra: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Interpret 1H NMR

Step-by-step guide to How to Interpret 1H NMR: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Interpret IR Spectra

Step-by-step guide to How to Interpret IR Spectra: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Interpret IR Spectra

Step-by-step guide to How to Interpret IR Spectra: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Measure Optical Rotation

Step-by-step guide to How to Measure Optical Rotation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Measure Optical Rotation

Step-by-step guide to How to Measure Optical Rotation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Carbonylative Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Carbonylative Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Cross-Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Cross-Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform a Cross-Coupling Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Cross-Coupling Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Flow Chemistry Synthesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Flow Chemistry Synthesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Freeze-Pump-Thaw

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Freeze-Pump-Thaw: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform a Friedel-Crafts Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Friedel-Crafts Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform a Grignard Addition

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Grignard Addition: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Negishi Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Negishi Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Ring-Closing Metathesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Ring-Closing Metathesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Stille Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Stille Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Swern Oxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Swern Oxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Wittig Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Wittig Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform a Workup

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform a Workup: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform an Asymmetric Hydrogenation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform an Asymmetric Hydrogenation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform an Asymmetric Hydrogenation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform an Asymmetric Hydrogenation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform an Electrochemical Synthesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform an Electrochemical Synthesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform an Epoxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform an Epoxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform an SN2 Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform an SN2 Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Perform C-H Activation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform C-H Activation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Column Chromatography

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Column Chromatography: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Enzymatic Resolution

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Enzymatic Resolution: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Epoxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Epoxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Flow Chemistry

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Flow Chemistry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Kugelrohr Distillation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Kugelrohr Distillation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Reductive Amination

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Reductive Amination: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform Swern Oxidation

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform Swern Oxidation: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Perform TLC Analysis

Step-by-step guide to How to Perform TLC Analysis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Prepare a Grignard Reagent

Step-by-step guide to How to Prepare a Grignard Reagent: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Recrystallize Compounds

Step-by-step guide to How to Recrystallize Compounds: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Recrystallize Organic Compounds

Step-by-step guide to How to Recrystallize Organic Compounds: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Buchwald-Hartwig Amination

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Buchwald-Hartwig Amination: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Click Chemistry Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Click Chemistry Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Column Chromatography

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Column Chromatography: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Friedel-Crafts Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Friedel-Crafts Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Mass Spectrometry Experiment

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Mass Spectrometry Experiment: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Multi-Component Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Multi-Component Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run a Suzuki Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Run a Suzuki Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Run an Hiyama Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Run an Hiyama Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Run Click Chemistry

Step-by-step guide to How to Run Click Chemistry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Run Flash Chromatography

Step-by-step guide to How to Run Flash Chromatography: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Run Mass Spectrometry

Step-by-step guide to How to Run Mass Spectrometry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Run Photoredox Catalysis

Step-by-step guide to How to Run Photoredox Catalysis: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up a Cross-Metathesis

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Cross-Metathesis: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Set Up a Diels-Alder Reaction

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Diels-Alder Reaction: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Set Up a Hydroboration

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Hydroboration: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Set Up a Reflux

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Reflux: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Set Up a Schlenk Line

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Schlenk Line: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up a Sonogashira Coupling

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up a Sonogashira Coupling: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Set Up Air-Free Chemistry

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up Air-Free Chemistry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up Electrochemistry

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up Electrochemistry: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up Hydroboration

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up Hydroboration: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up Inert Atmosphere

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up Inert Atmosphere: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up Reflux

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up Reflux: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

How to Set Up TLC

Step-by-step guide to How to Set Up TLC: techniques, procedures, and best practices.

how-to-photoredox

Step-by-step guide to how-to-photoredox: techniques, procedures, and best practices in organic chemistry.

How to Balance Chemical Equations — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to balance chemical equations. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Calculate ee from Optical Rotation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to calculate ee from optical rotation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Calculate pH — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to calculate ph. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Calculate pKa — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to calculate pka. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Calculate Theoretical Yield — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to calculate theoretical yield. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Choose the Right Solvent — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to choose the right solvent. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Convert Between Units — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to convert between units. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Determine E-Z Configuration — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to determine e-z configuration. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Determine R-S Configuration — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to determine r-s configuration. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Determine Reaction Order — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to determine reaction order. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Diels-Alder Reaction — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a diels-alder reaction. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Distillation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a distillation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Friedel-Crafts Acylation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a friedel-crafts acylation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Grignard Reaction — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a grignard reaction. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Hydrogenation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a hydrogenation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Liquid-Liquid Extraction — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a liquid-liquid extraction. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Recrystallization — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a recrystallization. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Schlenk Line Technique — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a schlenk line technique. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Suzuki Coupling — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a suzuki coupling. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a Titration — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a titration. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do a TLC Analysis — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do a tlc analysis. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do an Aldol Condensation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do an aldol condensation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do an Asymmetric Hydrogenation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do an asymmetric hydrogenation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do an Epoxidation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do an epoxidation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do an Ozonolysis — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do an ozonolysis. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Column Chromatography — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do column chromatography. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Column Chromatography Faster — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do column chromatography faster. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Enzyme Kinetics — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do enzyme kinetics. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Flow Chemistry — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do flow chemistry. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Green Chemistry — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do green chemistry. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Microwave-Assisted Synthesis — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do microwave-assisted synthesis. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Organocatalysis — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do organocatalysis. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Retrosynthetic Analysis — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do retrosynthetic analysis. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Do Rotary Evaporation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to do rotary evaporation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Draw Chair Conformations — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to draw chair conformations. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Draw Lewis Structures — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to draw lewis structures. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Draw Resonance Structures — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to draw resonance structures. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Estimate Boiling Points — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to estimate boiling points. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Identify Unknown Compounds — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to identify unknown compounds. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Interpret a Mass Spectrum — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to interpret a mass spectrum. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Interpret Coupling Constants — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to interpret coupling constants. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Name Organic Compounds — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to name organic compounds. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Optimize Reaction Conditions — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to optimize reaction conditions. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Predict Acid Strength — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to predict acid strength. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Predict Molecular Geometry — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to predict molecular geometry. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Predict NMR Splitting — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to predict nmr splitting. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Predict Solubility — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to predict solubility. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Predict Whether a Reaction is Spontaneous — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Present Chemistry Data — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to present chemistry data. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Purify Organic Compounds — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to purify organic compounds. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Read a Chemical Equation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to read a chemical equation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Read an IR Spectrum — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to read an ir spectrum. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Scale Up a Reaction — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to scale up a reaction. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Set Up a Reflux — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to set up a reflux. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Synthesize Acetaminophen — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to synthesize acetaminophen. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Synthesize Aspirin — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to synthesize aspirin. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Synthesize Biodiesel — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to synthesize biodiesel. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Synthesize Nylon 6,6 — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to synthesize nylon 6,6. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use a Periodic Table — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use a periodic table. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use COSY NMR — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use cosy nmr. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use DFT for Organic Chemistry — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use dft for organic chemistry. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use HMBC NMR — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use hmbc nmr. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use HSQC NMR — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use hsqc nmr. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use Protecting Groups — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use protecting groups. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to use the henderson-hasselbalch equation. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.

How to Write a Research Paper — Guide

Step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper. Learn the techniques, conditions, and tips for successful organic chemistry procedures.